Pro-Form - Definition and Examples in English Grammar

Pro-form is a word or phrase that can take the place of another word (or word group) in a sentence. The process of substituting pro-forms for other words is called proformation. In English, the most common pro-forms are pronouns, but other words (such as here, there, so, not, and do) can also function as pro-forms.   The pro-form is the referring word in a sentence; the word or word group thats referred to is the antecedent. Examples and Observations: My grandmother started walking five miles a day when she was sixty. Shes 97 now, and we dont know where the hell she is.   (American comedian Ellen DeGeneres)Our father ...came back in the morning and told us he had found lodgings, and so we went there. They were east of the harbour, off Lot Street, at the back of a house which had seen better days.  (Margaret Atwood, Alias Grace. McClelland Stewart, 1996)One day in English class I passed Bill Hilgendorff a note. I love you, the note said. He folded it up and looked straight ahead. Then I whispered to him that he could live his whole life long and no one would ever love him as I did. I thought this was an amazing and daring and irresistible thing to do.  (Tereze Glà ¼ck, May You Live in Interesting Times. University of Iowa Press, 1995)We had offers to play in Hong Kong, and I always wanted to go there, but I wouldnt agree to do it because it wasnt going to add any more profit to the tour.  (Johnny Ramone, Commando: The Aut obiography of Johnny Ramone. Abrams, 2012)When the tzar was seated, everyone else sat, and so did we.  (L. E. Modesitt, Jr., Ghost of the White Nights. Tor Books, 2001)Boldly, Stein leaps from her short history of open source to the future of Canadian federalism. One might have expected her to develop her argument in the direction of scenario IV, but unfortunately she did not.  (Ruth Hubbard and Gilles Paquet, The Black Hole of Public Administration. University of Ottawa Press, 2010)Im proud of the many ways youre growing, and I hope you are, too.  (Fred Rogers, Dear Mr. Rogers. Penguin, 1996) Rogers, Does It Ever Rain in Your Neighborhood?: Letters to Mr.People cheerfully mixed the spiritual and the mundane, and I did as well.  (Gwendolyn M. Parker, Trespassing: My Sojourn in the Halls of Privilege. Houghton Mifflin, 1997) So and Not as Pro-Forms   Sometimes pro-forms represent less clearly identifiable constituents: (6) He may decide to join us next week, but I dont think so.(7) Speaker A: Will he join us next week?Speaker B: I hope not. In (6) the adverb so represents the preceding clause but with an appropriate change of operator: . . . but I dont think he will join us next week. In (7), the adverb not represents the whole of the preceding clause but changes it into a negative statement: . . . I hope he will not join us next week.  (Carl Bache, Mastering English: An Advanced Grammar for Non-Native and Native Speakers. Walter de Gruyter, 1997) Do as a Pro-Form Do is used as a pro-form when the predicate itself and all the complements which follow it are elided (Jack hurt himself fetching water, and Jill did, too). If another auxiliary is present, the pro-form do is less common (Has Jack hurt himself? Yes, he has; also, Yes, he has done . . .). Note that the pro-form do is not the same lexeme as the auxiliary do; the latter has only the forms do, does, did while the pro-form has these as well as done and doing.  (Stephan Gramley and Kurt-Michael Pà ¤tzold, A Survey of Modern English, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2004)

The Problem Of Binge Drinking - 1039 Words

Drinking is often a social situation for many people, one that can create a light and fun atmosphere. Unfortunately, too many people transform social drinking into an opportunity for binge drinking. And this is a major problem: people who regularly binge drink are at a much higher risk for developing alcoholism. Understanding this problematic behavior can help you understand whether or not you are at risk of developing a true alcohol addiction. Binge Drinking Definition The definition of binge drinking has been set by the NIAA as a problematic drinking pattern that causes blood alcohol concentration levels of 0.08 in two hours or less. This is typically defined as five drinks for men and four drinks for women in that time period. It can occur anywhere from one day in a 30-day period to multiple days in a row. Common Ages For Binge Drinking Binge drinking is commonly considered a problem of young people, including high school and college-aged students. A Study by the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions found that about 70% of young adults in the country consumed alcohol or binge drank every year. There are multiple reasons that binge drinking is so heavily concentrated in the youth. Those early years of young adulthood are often considered â€Å"exploratory† periods by many people. They will be experiencing the first stirrings of true adulthood and responsibility and will look to do things that were impossible when they were controlled by theirShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On The Uk And The Health Problems1331 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Binge drinking is defined as people drinking plenty of alcohol in a short period of time or get drunk (NHS, 2014). In other words, binge drinking is drinking alcohol lead blood alcohol concentration (BAC) equal to or over 0.08g/dL. 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Review the outline and catalogue the problems that fall under the following categories: (1) Content (2) Organization (3) Sources (4) Achievement of specific purpose (5) Symbolization SPS: To inform my audience about binge drinking on college campuses. CIS: Binge drinking is a significant problem on college campuses, there are alarming statistics about the prevalence of binge drinking, and how binge drinking affects the lives ofRead MoreBinge Drinking On College Campuses1459 Words   |  6 Pages Binge Drinking On College Campuses Over the past few years, there has been this big debate about whether the drinking age should be lowered to 18 or if it should stay at 21. Those in favor of lowering the drinking age to 18 argue that someone who is old enough to serve their country should be allowed to have a drink. 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Service Marketing-Woolworths Limited-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss howWoolworths Limited Service Encounters affect the Business Management of the Customers. Answer: Introduction In any service industry, the customer experience on a particular brand plays a major role in deciding whether he or she will purchase the same service in future. The customer offers his or her judgment on the service based on the service encounters or the moment of truth that he or she experiences while interacting with the service provider (Bradley et al. 2013, p.512). Therefore, in the case of any service based organizations, the company should focus on improving the customer touch points which are the key areas where there is an existing interaction with the customer. This is the ideal opportunity for the companies to ensure that they leave a positive impact on the customers. In this paper, the author will be looking at the impact that service encounters in the scenario of Woolworths Limited. The paper uses the real life situation of what happens in this company and how its service encounters affect the business management of the customers. There are several moments of truth in the case of the customer, and it is not possible here to analyze all of them. Therefore, this paper finds it suitable to address services encounters among the Woolworth Company customers based on both backstage and front stage operations. Before engaging in further discussion, it is important to determine the meaning of service encounters. Service encounters involve the mix of emotions where the customers judge the quality of service offered to them in an economic sense concerning the various experiences that they have. There are so many factors that if managed properly can lead to a better customer satisfaction and can increase the business considerably. Flow Chart Showing Service Marketing of Woolworths Limited Significance of Service Encounter In the flow chart, it shows various processes that a customer goes through after coming to the company. Some of this encounter directly involve the customer making several inquiries on product features. However, some customers to engage in products inquiry. This helps the company to allow time for each customer according to his or her needs. The company has to manage the two types of customers effectively to ensure that their service experience is enhanced (Gazzoli, Hancer, Kim, 2013, p.384). Therefore, Woolworth Limited has designed these service experiences in such a way that they can convert neutral or negative emotional experiences of the customers while entering the premises to a positive one. The emotional underpinnings of the service encounters hold utmost importance and have to be managed properly to make the service experience good for the customer. For example in this case, even though the sale person is not available to attend to the customer, they have to be kept engaged with the things that they like so that they don't develop negative feelings about the environment. Many organizations do this by having various entertainment options for their customers like various Frequently Asked Questions pamphlets and having a match running on a T.V near the waiting area. This can be done only if the service providers can understand various touch points that the customer would interact with and the various scenarios that are likely to occur (Giesbrecht, Schwabe, Schenk, 2016, p.172). Duration effects also have to be taken into consideration where the organization management will have to ensure that the customer is made aware when there is a significant progress in their total operations and at the same time they will have to ensure that there are not many discrete steps in which the same is being divided into (Lings, Beatson, Gudergan, 2008, p.1435). Likewise, the Woolworth Limited applied all the above mention approaches when keeping the customers at bay before they are served. Another major factor that is likely to affect the customer satisfaction is that the perceived control that the customer has in the proceedings. In this case, Woolworth Limited instead of making the customer wait for a long time they can give him or her the option of booking the slot based on the availability of the sale person. The more the perceived control that the customer has on the system, more likely he is to be satisfied with the service provision (Lings, Beatson, Gudergan, 2008, p.1443). However, this may not be possible in all the cases where there are several internal systems which the customer has little control on; in such cases, the company must ensure that there is fairness in proceedings so that the customers do not feel that they are being taken for granted. Therefore, managing the perceived control is also one of the major factors that affect the business in a big manner. Every service interaction is an opportunity for the company to portray their satisfaction on the brand. Therefore, it may be argued that each positive experience that the customer has to be reinforced to his or her favorite brand. The Woolworth Limited make maximum use of these service encounters in interacting with the customers and understand their needs and wants and design the service offerings accordingly. This is an ideal platform for the company in getting the feedback from the customers and thus can make the necessary improvisations as and when required (Botschen, 2012, p.16) Managerial Implications As mentioned above the company should make use of these service encounters in getting the customers to their fold. Therefore, unlike other disciplines in the service stable, service encounters cannot be judged merely based on any mathematical equations; there are a lot of qualitative factors influencing the same. The managerial implications that these encounters can have may directly affect return on investment and the market share as it directly influences the customers choice of a brand ("Framework for energy market communications," 2012., p.30). Therefore, this sounds good especially in the case of a company's brand where trust matters the most and most of the marketing methods are based on word of mouth in the market. Regarding facilities, most of the present day companies may be the same; it is just the way the service is being offered that matters. There is not enough focus on the service psychology part of the business that can help Woolworth to improve the service encounters in the organization (Johns, 2012, p.101-115). Therefore, the company has to identify various service interactions that the customers will have during a transaction and identify what all can negatively affect the customers. Improvements have to be made to make sure that the customers are made aware of the completeness of the process, the duration and various steps before hand to avoid any ambiguity (Young 2016, p.178). This approach will help them in reducing the cost and effort as the number of reworks when there is no ambiguity is far less, and this would also improve the customer satisfaction. These encounters also may be used by the company to sell up various services that they offer. There has been enough and more systems and checks developed by the business to manage the demand and the supply needs of the organization, but very little effort has been put into making them effective. Therefore, adding the psychological dimension to the same would increase the brand loyalty and the customers who are satisfied with the service will, in turn, refer them to more and more customers that can help them in building the base (Lloyd Luke, 2011, p.178). Even the internal transactions where the customers are not directly involved but forming an essential part of the whole service process has to be taken into consideration so that the overall service experience is pleasant and streamlined (Zhang, Kosaka, Yabutani, 2011, p.26). Companies these days have been spending a huge budget of promoting their brand through various mediums. If Woolworth Limited manages to get their service piece right can get to the top of the mind of the customers with minimal costs and maintain the same for a significant time References Botschen,G. (2012). Internationalization of Encounter-Based Relationship Strategies. Relationship Marketing, 279-295. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-09745-8_16 Bradley,G.L., Sparks,B.A., Zapf,D., McColl-Kennedy,J.R., Jimmieson,N.L. (2013). Task-Relationship-Self: A Framework for Understanding Service Encounter Behaviors. Psychology Marketing, 30(6), 512-528. doi:10.1002/mar.20624 Framework for energy market communications. (2014.). Doi: 10.3403/30277854 Gazzoli,G., Hancer,M., Kim,B.(. (2013). Explaining why employee?customer Orientation influences customers' perceptions of the service encounter. Journal of Service Management, 24(4), 382-400. Doi: 10.1108/josm-09-2012-0192 Giesbrecht,T., Schwabe,G., Schenk,B. (2016). Service encounter think lets: how to Empower service agents to put value co-creation into practice. Information Systems Journal, 27(2), 171-196. doi:10.1111/isj.12099 Johns,R. (2012). Relationship Marketing in a Self-Service Context: No Longer Applicable? Journal of Relationship Marketing, 11(2), 91-115. doi:10.1080/15332667.2012.682331 Kim, Young Mi, (2016). Influences of Employee's Excessive Honorific Usage During Service Encounter on Customers' Perceived Service Quality. Journal of Korea Service Management Society, 17(1), 175-201. doi:10.15706/jksms.2016.17.1.009 Lings,I., Beatson,A., Gudergan,S. (2008). The impact of implicit and explicit Communications on frontline service delivery staff. The Service Industries Journal, 28(10), 1431-1443. Doi: 10.1080/02642060802250245 Lloyd,A.E., Luk,S.T. (2011). Interaction behaviors leading to comfort in the service Encounter. Journal of Services Marketing, 25(3), 176-189. Doi: 10.1108/08876041111129164 Zhang,Q., Kosaka,M., Yabutani,T. (2011). A model of service value co-creation based on a A new concept of service fields in service systems. ICSSSM11. doi:10.1109/icsssm.2011.595946